At midnight on Friday – 1,317 days after British voters decided to leave the European Union – Brexit will finally come about. What will change on February 1?
At first, not much. Daily business between the United Kingdom and the E.U. will continue as before during an 11-month transition period until the end of the year.
This will allow London and Brussels to negotiate new arrangements to guide future relations. But in the meantime there are some practical changes.
No Turning Back
In theory, the British government could rescind its decision to leave the European Union at any moment until midnight on Friday (2300 GMT), as if nothing had happened.
But from then on there will be no turning back, the union would have lost one of its largest and richest states, the first ever to quit the project.
The E.U. will therefore lose 66 million inhabitants – leaving it with a population of around 446 million – along with 5.5 percent of its landmass.
If Britain ever does decide it wants back in, then this will be a matter for EU accession procedures as for any outside applicant.
The Institutions
In Brussels, the lowering of the Union Jack outside the European Parliament will symbolize a concrete change: Britain is out of the union and a “third country.”
It will have no MEPs. 73 Brits elected in May will leave. 46 of the seats will be kept for future E.U. members and 27 will be distributed among under-represented countries.
Britain will no longer have a right to nominate a top official to the European Commission, although London failed to do so last year and its seat is already vacant.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson will no longer be invited to summits of the European Council of leaders, and ministers will no longer attend EU council meetings.
As non-E.U. citizens, Brits will not be eligible for senior bureaucratic posts in Brussels, but many have already secured dual nationality and residence rights.
Britain will, however, continue to pay into the EU budget as the second-largest net contributor after Germany until the end of the transition.
Citizens Rights
According to the United Nations, around 1.2 million British citizens live in other E.U. countries, mainly in Spain, Ireland, France, Germany, and Italy.
And according to the U.K. stats office, another 2.9 million citizens of other E.U. countries live in Britain, around 4.6 percent of the population.
Under the withdrawal agreement signed by both sides, both sets of expatriates will initially retain the rights they had before Brexit to work and reside in their host country.
But Britons in Europe and E.U. citizens in the U.K. may have to register with the authorities and individual member states will set up procedures of their own.
Free movement will apply until the end of the transition. Afterwards, the withdrawal treaty says E.U. nationals will be able to stay in the U.K. if they continue to work.
The U.K. government has said it intends to end “freedom of movement” for future E.U. arrivals, and precise details of reciprocal rights will be negotiated after Brexit.
The Negotiations
Britain has, of course, already spent years negotiating with European Commission official Michel Barnier‘s Brexit task force on the terms of its departure.
But these negotiations will change after Friday when the “Article 50” procedure in the European Treaty expires and the U.K. becomes a third country.
The U.K. will nevertheless remain subject to E.U. law and the European Court of Justice until the end of the transition, and in any judgments in cases pending from before the final departure.
Barnier is in talks with E.U. member states to draw up a negotiating mandate for a trade agreement to govern cross-Channel commercial ties after the transition.
This will then be hammered out with U.K. officials in the same way as Europe’s free trade agreements with other third countries, such as Canada or Singapore.
Unlike the withdrawal deal between the U.K. and Commission, ratified by E.U. members, the trade deal must be passed by more than 30 national and regional parliaments.