After decades of staying out of military alliances, Finland and Sweden are about to decide whether to apply to join NATO, as a deterrent against aggression from Eastern neighbor Russia.
The Nordic neighbors are expected to act in unison, with both expressing a desire for their applications to be submitted simultaneously if they decide to go that route.
Historic U-turns
For decades, a majority of Swedes and Finns were in favor of maintaining their policies of military non-alignment.
But Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24 sparked a sharp U-turn.
The change was especially dramatic in Finland, which shares a 1,300-kilometer (800-mile) border with Russia.
After two decades during which public support for NATO membership remained steady at 20-30 percent, polls now suggest that more than 75 percent of Finns are in favor.
During the Cold War, Finland remained neutral in exchange for assurances from Moscow that it would not invade. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, Finland remained militarily non-aligned.
Sweden, meanwhile, adopted an official policy of neutrality at the end of the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century.
Following the end of the Cold War, the neutrality policy was amended to one of military non-alignment.
Close NATO partners
While remaining outside NATO, both Sweden and Finland have formed ever closer ties to the Alliance. Both joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and then the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997.
Both countries are described by the Alliance as some of “NATO’s most active partners” and have contributed to NATO-led missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq.
Sweden’s and Finland’s forces also regularly take part in exercises with NATO countries and have close ties with Nordic neighbors Norway, Denmark and Iceland — which are all NATO members.
Sweden’s military
For a long time, Swedish policy dictated that the country needed a strong military to protect its neutrality.
But after the end of the Cold War, it drastically slashed its defense spending, turning its military focus toward peacekeeping operations around the world.
In 1990, defense spending accounted for 2.6 percent of GDP, compared to 1.2 percent in 2020, according to the government.
Mandatory military service was scrapped in 2010 but reintroduced in 2017 as part of Sweden’s rearmament following Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea.
Combining its different branches, the Swedish military can field some 50,000 soldiers.
In March 2022, after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Sweden announced it would increase spending again, targeting two percent of GDP “as soon as possible”.
Finland’s military
While Finland has also made some defense cuts, it has in contrast to Sweden maintained a much larger army since the end of the Cold War.
The country of 5.5 million people now has a wartime strength of 280,000 troops plus 600,000 reservists, making it significantly larger than any of its Nordic neighbors despite having a population half the size of Sweden’s.
In early April, Finland announced it would further boost its military spending, adding more than two billion euros (dollars) over the next four years. It has a defense budget of 5.1 billion euros ($5.4 billion) for 2022.
Memories of war
While Sweden has sent forces to international peacekeeping missions, it has not gone to war for over 200 years.
The last conflict it fought was the Swedish–Norwegian War of 1814. It maintained its neutral stance through the two World Wars.
Finland’s memories of warfare are much fresher. In 1939, it was invaded by the Soviet Union.
Finns put up a fierce fight during the bloody Winter War, which took place during one of the coldest winters in recorded history. But it was ultimately forced to cede a huge stretch of its eastern Karelia province in a peace treaty with Moscow.
A 1948 “friendship agreement” saw the Soviets agree not to invade again, as long as Finland stayed out of any Western defense cooperation.
The country’s forced neutrality to appease its stronger neighbor coined the term “Finlandization”.
